Evidence is rising that the environmental impacts and degradations of ecosystems caused by expanding bioeconomies threaten the maintenance of basic life-supporting ecosystem functions. However, there is an intensifying debate about the limits of a bio-based transformation to contribute to sustainable development in terms of a low-carbon, resource efficient economy. ‘Bioeconomy’ strategies are being designed and implemented at various national and sub-national levels. Against the background of continued high dependency on fossil fuels and accelerating climate change, many countries have started efforts to transform their economies towards an increased use of biobased energy, materials and technologies.
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